# References: TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 Research

> Complete bibliography for the TB-500 research digest — 23 peer-reviewed citations with DOIs, PubMed URLs, and PMIDs covering tissue repair, safety, pharmacokinetics, and regulatory status.

Every quantitative claim on this site about TB-500, its parent compound Thymosin Beta-4, and their safety record is cited to a specific peer-reviewed publication. The following list contains all citations used across the site, with DOIs and PubMed URLs for verification.

## Full Citation List

[1] Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2006;208(1):84-92. DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20650 · PMID: 16607611. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16607611/

[2] Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, et al. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2003;11(1):19-24. DOI: 10.1046/j.1524-475x.2003.11105.x · PMID: 12581423. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12581423/

[3] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999;113(3):364-368. DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00708.x · PMID: 10469335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/

[4] Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, et al. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:95-103. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1415.009 · PMID: 17947589. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17947589/

[5] Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:161-170. DOI: 10.1196/annals.1415.048 · PMID: 17600280. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17600280/

[6] Bao W, Ballard VL, Needle S, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013;4:149. DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00149 · PMID: 24348421. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3843122/

[7] Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, et al. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin beta4 treatment initiated 6 hours post injury following traumatic brain injury in rats. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2012;116(5):1081-1092. DOI: 10.3171/2012.1.JNS111729 · PMID: 22324420. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3392183/

[8] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2014;345(1-2):52-56. DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.006 · PMID: 25060418. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/

[9] Xu B, Yang M, Li Z, et al. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regulatory Peptides. 2013;184:1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2013.03.026 · PMID: 23523891. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/

[10] Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada SI, et al. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. Journal of Biochemistry. 2011;149(1):43-48. DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvq115 · PMID: 20880960. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/

[11] Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, et al. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin β-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008976 · PMID: 20126456. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2813286/

[12] Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djg100 · PMID: 14625258. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14625258/

[13] Jo JO, Kim SR, Bae MK, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.07.005 · PMID: 20691219. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20691219/

[14] Zhang Y, Feurino LW, Zhai Q, et al. Thymosin Beta 4 is Overexpressed in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Stimulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion and JNK Activation. Cancer Biology and Therapy. 2007;7(3):419-423. DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.3.5415 · PMID: 18094619. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18094619/

[15] Qiu P, Li X, Bhatt DL, et al. Thymosin β4 inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20357. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020357 · PMID: 21625538. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3101037/

[16] Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(17):8390-8399. DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16693 · PMID: 34346165. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8419156/

[17] Delcourt V, Garcia P, Chabot B, et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of misbranded and adulterated drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2023;15(3):282-293. DOI: 10.1002/dta.3421 · PMID: 36482504. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36482504/

[18] Barton C, Beaton C, Hincks P. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2013;5(9-10):819-827. DOI: 10.1002/dta.1435 · PMID: 23084823. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23084823/

[19] Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Min H, et al. Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro. Journal of Chromatography B. 2024;1235:124033. DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124033 · PMID: 38382158. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382158/

[20] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine. 2026. DOI: 10.1007/s40279-026-02437-0 · PMID: 41966639. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/

[21] Philp D, Kleinman HK. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1194:81-86. DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05479.x · PMID: 20536453. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536453/

[22] Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, et al. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization. Journal of Inflammation Research. 2025;18:5483-5498. DOI: 10.2147/JIR.S492814 · PMID: 40322536. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049133/

[23] Sosne G, Ousler GW. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2015;9:863-869. DOI: 10.2147/OPTH.S80954 · PMID: 26056426. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4445951/

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Peer-reviewed findings on TB-500, read warmly and honestly — the evidence gaps are noted alongside the findings, and no clinic sits behind this page.