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TB-500 Safe

A welcoming reading room for the TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4 safety record — what the studies report, and where the human evidence simply is not there yet.

TB-500 References: Full Citation List | TB-500 Safe

Every quantitative claim on this site about TB-500, its parent compound Thymosin Beta-4, and their safety record is cited to a specific peer-reviewed publication. The following list contains all citations used across the site, with DOIs and PubMed URLs for verification. Citations without a PubMed record link to PMC or the journal directly.

Full Citation List

All 20 verified citations are listed in the references_index below. Each entry includes the full citation, DOI, and primary URL for verification. Citations are numbered sequentially as they appear across the site.

Full Citation List
  1. Philp D, Scheremeta B, Sibliss K, et al. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. Journal of Cellular Physiology. 2006;208(1):84-92. ↗
  2. Philp D, Badamchian M, Scheremeta B, et al. Thymosin beta 4 and a synthetic peptide containing its actin-binding domain promote dermal wound repair in db/db diabetic mice and in aged mice. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2003;11(1):19-24. ↗
  3. Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 1999;113(3):364-368. ↗
  4. Philp D, St-Surin S, Cha HJ, et al. Thymosin beta 4 induces hair growth via stem cell migration and differentiation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:95-103. ↗
  5. Srivastava D, Saxena A, Dimaio JM, Bock-Marquette I. Thymosin beta4 is cardioprotective after myocardial infarction. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2007;1112:161-170. ↗
  6. Bao W, Ballard VL, Needle S, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2013;4:149. ↗
  7. Xiong Y, Zhang Y, Mahmood A, et al. Neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects of thymosin beta4 treatment initiated 6 hours post injury following traumatic brain injury in rats. Journal of Neurosurgery. 2012;116(5):1081-1092. ↗
  8. Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2014;345(1-2):52-56. ↗
  9. Xu B, Yang M, Li Z, et al. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rat. Regulatory Peptides. 2013;184:1-5. ↗
  10. Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada SI, et al. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. Journal of Biochemistry. 2011;149(1):43-48. ↗
  11. Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, et al. Evaluation of Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle Function after Chronic Administration of Thymosin β-4 in the Dystrophin Deficient Mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. ↗
  12. Cha HJ, Jeong MJ, Kleinman HK. Role of thymosin beta4 in tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2003;95(22):1674-1680. ↗
  13. Jo JO, Kim SR, Bae MK, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. ↗
  14. Zhang Y, Feurino LW, Zhai Q, et al. Thymosin Beta 4 is Overexpressed in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Stimulates Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion and JNK Activation. Cancer Biology and Therapy. 2007;7(3):419-423. ↗
  15. Qiu P, Li X, Bhatt DL, et al. Thymosin β4 inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, IL-8 expression, and the sensitizing effects by its partners PINCH-1 and ILK. PLoS One. 2011;6(5):e20357. ↗
  16. Wang X, Liu L, Qi L, et al. A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine. 2021;25(17):8390-8399. ↗
  17. Delcourt V, Garcia P, Chabot B, et al. TB500/TB1000 and SGF1000: A scientific approach for a better understanding of misbranded and adulterated drugs. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2023;15(3):282-293. ↗
  18. Barton C, Beaton C, Hincks P. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β₄, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Testing and Analysis. 2013;5(9-10):819-827. ↗
  19. Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Min H, et al. Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro. Journal of Chromatography B. 2024;1235:124033. ↗
  20. Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Medicine. 2026. ↗
  21. Philp D, Kleinman HK. Animal studies with thymosin beta, a multifunctional tissue repair and regeneration peptide. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2010;1194:81-86. ↗
  22. Zhu Z, Liao Y, Mou Q, et al. Thymosin β4 Regulates Tissue Inflammatory Response in Mouse Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease by Promoting Macrophage M2-Type Polarization. Journal of Inflammation Research. 2025;18:5483-5498. ↗
  23. Sosne G, Ousler GW. Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model. Clinical Ophthalmology. 2015;9:863-869. ↗